Chimps have better working memories than humans - researchers astounded - video
Videoed work by Tetsuro Matsuzawa shows that "Chimpanzees have a faster working memory than humans according to a remarkable study showing that it takes them a fraction of a second to remember something that it would take several seconds for humans to memorise." Video-link inside article, plus multiple links to this fascinating long-term Japanese study.Will this bring more respect for these creatures whom Spain recently granted legal rights as persons, along with gorillas?
"A Japanese scientist, Tetsuro Matsuzawa has demonstrated the prowess of chimps in remembering in less than half a second the precise position and correct sequence of up to nine numbers on a computer screen.
The numbers are shown together randomly distributed on a computer screen and as soon as the chimps press the number “one” the rest of the numerals are masked. However, they can almost invariably remember where each number was." (The Independent)
The above newspaper article was my first source, but I later found the far more fascinating original scientific site and have updated this article to include it, with excerpts below. The fast working memory video that initially got me interested, turns out to be a mere step in a groundbreaking long term study.
Some of you may recognise the computerized memory tests that the chimpanzee is doing in the video. I have certainly done similar ones on Lumosity. No way I could beat a chimp. I don't know anyone who could. I can easily see how impressive these studies are.
Will this kind of information bring more respect for these creatures whom Spain recently granted legal rights as persons, along with gorillas?
It would be nice to think that the ape in this film, Ai, would not spend her whole life a prisoner and that she might exercise her person-rights to a natural and fitting habitat. There are many photos of Ai and of a large clan of apes in the institute. Whilst they look happy and confident in the photos, I could not at first see whether or not they had access to natural habitat. They do, however, as these and other photos show. http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/friends/ai.html They have an outside compound which includes steel climbing towers with balconies overlooking Japanese suburbs.
Here is a link to some fabulous portraits of the apes associated with the laboratory. You can click on most or all of them for biographies of each ape, and more photos. These are certainly fascinating pages. There is even a page of drawings by the institute apes: http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/album/the_drawings_by_chimpanzees.html
Ai was born in West Africa, but has a long-time association with Tetsuro Matsuzawa, who has spent a lifetime studying apes, many of them in the wild. Here is another link to more detail about his work. http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/
Matsuzawa is also famous for studying how chimps use tools.
The video below is a charming film about a little ape learning how to use rocks to crack nuts from its mother in the wild.
Read more about Tetsuro Matsuzawa here.
Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee
There is a lot more about chimpanzees and their numerical skills, in work Nobuyuki Kawai and Tetsuro Matsuzawa have done with the same female ape, Ai, who features in the computer exercise at the beginning of this article. Below I have copied and pasted a short commentary from http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/publication/KawaiN/Kawai-Matsuzawa_2000_NATURE_Short_memory_span.html
"A female chimpanzee called Ai has learned to use Arabic numerals to represent numbers. She can count from zero to nine items, which she demonstrates by touching the appropriate number on a touch-sensitive monitor2, 3, and she can order the numbers from zero to nine in sequence4, 5, 6. Here we investigate Ai's memory span by testing her skill in these numerical tasks, and find that she can remember the correct sequence of any five numbers selected from the range zero to nine.
Humans can easily memorize strings of codes such as phone numbers and postcodes if they consist of up to seven items, but above this number they find it much harder. This 'magic number 7' effect, as it is known in human information processing7, represents a limit for the number of items that can be handled simultaneously by the brain.
To determine the equivalent 'magic number' in a chimpanzee, we presented our subject with a set of numbers on a screen, say 1, 3, 4, 6 and 9. She had already displayed close to perfect accuracy when required to choose numerals in ascending order, but for this experiment all the remaining numbers were masked by white squares once she had selected the first number. This meant that, in order to be correct in a trial, she had to memorize all the numbers, as well as their respective positions, before making the first response. Chance levels with three, four and five items were 50, 13 and 6%, respectively.
Ai scored more than 90% with four items and about 65% with five items, significantly above chance in each case. In normal background trials, response latency was longest for the first numeral and much shorter for all the others, indicating that Ai inspected the numbers and their locations and planned her actions before making her first choice. In masking trials, response latency increased only for the choice directly after the onset of masking, but this latency was similar to those recorded in background trials, indicating that successful performance did not depend on spending more time memorizing the numbers."
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Comments
Intelligence of many living creatures not appreciated
This example shows that the difference between humans and many other forms of life are not as great as many of us had thought. As an example, I read about 15-20 years ago that octopuses in one aquarium were known to display as much curiosity about each new group of human visitors as the human visitors did about them. As each new group approached, the octopuses would emerge from their shelter in order to gaze at their new visitors.
Octopuses tragically perish as a result of youthful carelessness
Sadly, some decades ago, in about 1976, as a youth in my mid-teens during a holiday at Byron Bay on the coast of northern New South Wales I did not appreciate the character and intelligence of octopuses. I collected possibly six octopuses, each weighing approximately 0.3-0.5 kg with sizes roughly matching my hand. I placed them in a bucket and left the buckets outside our tent about 200 metres from the water and stupidly walked way. About two hours later I returned to find all the octopuses had escaped from the bucket and had perished on the dry sand less than metre away trying to make their way back to the water.
Whilst the scale of the loss may seem minor compared, for example, to the industrial harvesting of octopuses, fish and other sea creatures from the sea for human consumption, it was still a tragedy that was needless and stupid.
Happy to be inferior
People accept the superior land speed of the jaguar, the ability of birds to fly and the superior climbing ability of the orang utan, but appear uncomfortable at the suggestion that information processing is involved in a seemingly miraculous feat of an animal or bird.
I mentioned this article to a friend yesterday whose response was that ”lower order" abilities had to drop off to make room for higher order processes. He meant that humans probably used to have this ability but now have more important things to do with their brains. He expressed no wonder or appreciation of this finding re the abilities of the chimpanzee.
Other friends cannot encompass any cleverness on the part of other species and put all behaviours down to "instinct". They seem uneasy that an animal gets any credit or may have (non athletic) abilities beyond our own.
I am happy to accept that the minds and the perceived world of other species are mysterious, different, and "intelligent".
I put the word "intelligent" in inverted commas for lack of adequate definition in this comment. Perhaps an acknowledgement of superior cognitive skills in other species implies a responsibility towards them and giving them maybe "undue" importance?
I'm happy to accept that chimpanzees can do this number/memory task far better than I can and that this is probably not an isolated example of superior cognitive processing skills not to mention the examples of processing superior sensory inputs in other species.